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Forças Armadas e Sistemas de Armas => Forças Aéreas/Sistemas de Armas => Tópico iniciado por: P44 em Abril 27, 2020, 10:08:11 am
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Military Capabilities
US Air Force transfers space units to US Space Force
Aditya Jadhav, Bangalore and Pat Host, Washington, DC - Jane's Defence Weekly
24 April 2020
Key Points
The US Air Force transferred its first units and missions to the new US Space Force
The Space Policy Directive calls for the USSF to consolidate existing forces and authorities for military space activities
The US Air Force (USAF) has identified 23 units and their respective space missions for a formal transfer to the US Space Force (USSF), the USAF announced on 31 March.
The transfer will take place within the next three to six months, depending upon the timing and conditions specific to each organization and their respective mission sets. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General David Goldfein, and the Chief of Space Operations, General John Raymond, will execute the transfer when they jointly agree the necessary conditions have been met.
These mission transfers are in line with the Space Policy Directive, which calls for the USSF to consolidate existing forces and authorities for military space activities, as appropriate, in order to minimise duplication of effort and eliminate bureaucratic inefficiencies.
The following units and organisations have been identified for full mission transfer: 17th Test Squadron, Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado; 18th Intel Squadron, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; 25th Space Range Squadron, Schriever AFB, Colorado; 328th Weapons Squadron, Nellis AFB, Nevada; 527th Space Aggressor Squadron, Schriever AFB, Colorado; 705th Combat Training Squadron OL-A, Schriever AFB, Colorado; 544th ISR Group Staff & Detachment 5, Peterson AFB, Colorado; Detachment 1, USAF Warfare Center, Schriever AFB, Colorado; 533rd Training Squadron, Vandenberg AFB, California; National Security Space Institute, Peterson AFB, Colorado; Counter-Space Analysis Squadron, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; Space Analysis Squadron, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center Detachment 4, Peterson AFB, Colorado; and Air Force Safety Center - Space Safety Division, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.
https://www.janes.com/article/95753/us-air-force-transfers-space-units-to-us-space-force
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Adm. Kirk :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen:
https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/25/logo-donald-trumps-new-us-space-force-looks-very-familiar-12120177/ (https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/25/logo-donald-trumps-new-us-space-force-looks-very-familiar-12120177/)
Donald Trump appears to have boldly gone where Star Trek went before after unveiling a strikingly familiar logo for his new US Space Force. The US president unveiled the design on Friday, saying that he that he had consulted with military leaders and designers before presenting the blue-and-white symbol. It features an arrowhead shape centred on a planetary background and encircled by the words ‘United States Space Force’ and ‘Department of the Air Force.’ However, social media was quick to point out the uncanny resemblance to Star Trek’s Starfleet Command.
Read more: https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/25/logo-donald-trumps-new-us-space-force-looks-very-familiar-12120177/?ito=cbshare
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MetroUK | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MetroUK/
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Saudações :-P ;)
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Adm. Kirk :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen: :mrgreen:
https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/25/logo-donald-trumps-new-us-space-force-looks-very-familiar-12120177/ (https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/25/logo-donald-trumps-new-us-space-force-looks-very-familiar-12120177/)
Donald Trump appears to have boldly gone where Star Trek went before after unveiling a strikingly familiar logo for his new US Space Force. The US president unveiled the design on Friday, saying that he that he had consulted with military leaders and designers before presenting the blue-and-white symbol. It features an arrowhead shape centred on a planetary background and encircled by the words ‘United States Space Force’ and ‘Department of the Air Force.’ However, social media was quick to point out the uncanny resemblance to Star Trek’s Starfleet Command.
Read more: https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/25/logo-donald-trumps-new-us-space-force-looks-very-familiar-12120177/?ito=cbshare
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MetroUK | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MetroUK/
(https://i1.wp.com/metro.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PRC_126008112.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&zoom=1&resize=644%2C338&ssl=1)
Saudações :-P ;)
LOL
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A United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket in the 501 configuration will launch the US Space Forces' X-37B Spaceplane on the OTV-6 mission.
The unmanned spaceplane first flew in 2010 conducting secret in-orbit missions for the US Space Force.
Liftoff of the Atlas V is set for 13:14 UTC from Space Launch Complex 41 of Cape Canaveral on May 17th 2020.
O X-37 voltou ontem para o espaço. Mais uma missão confidencial da US Space Force.
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Space Force Boss Says One Of Russia's Killer Satellites Fired A Projectile In Orbit
A very recent test involved small orbital "inspectors" that had previously been observed shadowing an American spy satellite.
BY JOSEPH TREVITHICKJULY 23, 2020
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he head of U.S. Space Force, the U.S. military's newest branch, had said publicly for the first time that the Russian government has conducted two on-orbit anti-satellite weapon tests in the past three years. These revelations come less than six months after the U.S. military expressed concern about a Russian "inspector" satellite that appeared to be shadowing an American KH-11 spy satellite.
Chief of Space Operations General John "Jay" Raymond, Space Force's top uniformed officer, revealed the two apparent tests in an interview with Time for a profile of the new service. Raymond is also presently head of the joint-service U.S. Space Command (SPACECOM). That piece, which was published on July 23, 2020, offers a detailed look at where Space Force is now and where it hopes to go in the future and is worth reading in full.*
"Russia is developing on-orbit capabilities that seek to exploit our reliance on space-based systems," Raymond told Time. He explained that, on July 15, 2020, a satellite identified as Cosmos 2543 launched a projectile that could be used to destroy another craft in space.
The Kremlin describes Cosmos 2543, also sometimes written Kosmos 2543, as a "space apparatus inspector," one of a number in orbit now, which are ostensibly intended to do just what the name says, inspect other satellites. On the face of it, this offers Russian officials a way to investigate problems with or assess damage to other space-based assets on-orbit.
However, given their small size and high degrees of maneuverability, there have been long-standing concerns that these orbital inspectors could double as spies or even "killer satellites" capable of getting close to and then disrupting or destroying other space-based platforms by any of a number of means, including electronic warfare jamming or a directed energy weapon, such as a high-powered microwave beam. They could also potentially manipulate a satellite in a way that would disable it or launch kinetic attacks, either smashing into the target themselves or launching projectiles, the latter being something that Space Force now says the Kremlin has been actively testing.
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An infographic from the Defense Intelligence Agency depicting a number of ways in which one satellite might attack another, including by acting as kinetic kill vehicle.
The destruction of various satellites could easily be a key feature of any future large-scale conflict, especially during its opening stages. The U.S. military, among others, is heavily reliant on space-based systems for a wide array of functions, including early warning, intelligence gathering, communications and data-sharing, navigation and weapons guidance, and more.
It's worth noting that another inspector satellite, Cosmos 2542, which the Russian government launched in November 2019, had actually deployed Cosmos 2543 while in orbit the following month. Time says the U.S. military has dubbed these "nesting doll" satellites, a reference to traditional Russian matryoshka dolls.
The Russian Ministry of Defense had previously announced a test involving Cosmos 2543 on July 15. However, it said that this simply involved the satellite maneuvering close to another orbital inspector, Cosmos 2535, and gathering imagery and other information in line with its publicly stated inspection mission. At that time, U.S. Space Command did note that it had detected something separating from Cosmos 2543, which it labeled Object 45915, but recorded its type as "to be determined."
The assertion that these satellites are actually part of a space-based anti-satellite weapon system is even more significant given that Cosmos 2542 had moved into a position to shadow a U.S. KH-11 spy satellite, publicly identified only as USA 245, in January. The month before, USA 245 had shifted its own orbit, potentially to avoid hitting the smaller Cosmos 2543, which Space Force later said also appeared to be following the American satellite.
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A graphical representation of the position of Cosmos 2542 with regards to USA 245 in January 2020.
"This is unusual and disturbing behavior and has the potential to create a dangerous situation in space," General Raymond said at the time in a statement to Business Insider. "The United States finds these recent activities to be concerning and do not reflect the behavior of a responsible spacefaring nation."
It's worth noting that this was hardly the first instances of satellites shadowing each other in space and that U.S. government has conducted similar activities in the past, as well. However, it appears now that the U.S. military had a particular concern about what was going on in January based on existing intelligence.
General Raymond also told Time that the space-based anti-satellite weapon test on July 15 was similar to something the U.S. military had observed in 2017. He did not elaborate on that previous incident, but it seems very possible that is related to another set of "nesting doll" satellites that emerged that year. The Kremlin launched the first of these, Cosmos 2519, in June 2017. Two months later, that satellite deployed another, dubbed Cosmos 2521. These were joined by a third, Cosmos 2523, which also appeared to have been deployed on-orbit from other these other satellites, in November 2017.
If that trio is what Raymond was referring to, it's unclear if Cosmos 2523 is what the U.S. military believes was actually an anti-satellite interceptor or if one of these satellites launched yet another object at some point.
"This is further evidence of Russia's continuing efforts to develop and test space-based systems, and consistent with the Kremlin's published military doctrine to employ weapons that hold U.S. and allied space assets at risk," the head of Space Force said in a separate statement following the publishing of Time's piece.
"This event highlights Russia's hypocritical advocacy of outer space arms control, with which Moscow aims to restrict the capabilities of the United States while clearly having no intention of halting its own counter-space program – both ground-based anti-satellite capabilities and what would appear to be actual in-orbit anti-satellite weaponry," Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation Christopher Ford also said.
Russia, as well as China and others around the world, has been actively developing various anti-satellite systems, including ground-based and air-launched interceptors and directed energy weapons. In April 2020, Space Force publicly accused Russia of testing an unspecified "direct-ascent anti-satellite missile," or DS-ASAT.
“Russia’s DA-ASAT test provides yet another example that the threats to U.S. and allied space systems are real, serious and growing,” General Raymond said in a statement after that test. "The United States is ready and committed to deterring aggression and defending the Nation, our allies and U.S. interests from hostile acts in space."
These public statements, together with the disclosure of the earlier assessment that an on-orbit anti-satellite weapon test had taken place in 2017, also follow comments from various senior U.S. military officials about the need to declassify more about what it is doing in space and the threats that it faces, as well as how it might be able to respond. In 2019, then-Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson warned that the United States might have to demonstrate its own counter-space capabilities in the future in order to deter potential adversaries.
"We’ve got some education to do for the average Americans on just how reliant their lives are on space capabilities," General Raymond told Time.
The disclosure that Russia has been testing on-orbit anti-satellite weapons certainly appears to be part of a campaign to increase public awareness of the very real threats to space-based systems that exist now and are continuing to emerge.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/35057/space-force-boss-says-russia-has-been-testing-its-killer-satellites-in-orbit
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(https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/images/sigintchaletvortex.jpg)
Sobre os satélites de SIGINT
https://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/PG-SIGINT-Satellites.pdf
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The United States Space Force recently unveiled a document detailing a flexible approach to project power in space.
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Congratulations to the recent graduates of the 533rd Training and Readiness Squadron, hailing from the nation's premier space schoolhouse.
This graduating class includes the first seven direct enlisted Guardians.
https://twitter.com/SpaceForceDoD/status/1389988522099187713/photo/1
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NEW U.S. Space Force Ranks (Design & Origins)
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"so say we all"
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Meet the war-fighters of the future. Correspondent Tom Costello goes inside Space Force, the newest branch of the U.S.
Military, gaining exclusive access to the classified, nuclear-hardened facilities where Space Force operates America’s constellation of satellites in Earth orbit – now threatened by hostile, armed Russian and Chinese spacecraft.
“Battlefield Space,” an exclusive NBC News documentary examining what the Pentagon says is likely the next conflict zone.
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2 West Point grads think it’s time for a military academy for cyber, space, and robotics
Elon Musk called the idea "Starfleet Academy," as two former Army officers think a new academy should bring elite high-tech focused high school students together, close to the brainpower of Silicon Valley.
Does the U.S. military need another service academy? Two former graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point think so.
Michael LaValle, a former infantry soldier who now works in finance and retired Army Lt. Col. DeVan Shannon, who teaches at the Joint Special Operations University, envision a full-size military academy — akin to West Point or the U.S. Air Force Academy — dedicated to the military’s use of space, cyber, and robotics. The two believe those subjects will be vital to the military in the future but are given short shrift at current schools.
The two told Task & Purpose that a new approach to academy education would embrace officers learning simultaneously from the public and private sector, where innovation in space, cyber and robotics is moving rapidly.
“The academies aren’t moving fast enough in these directions or at large enough scale, and finally, they’re not recruiting the kids and the talent that are necessary to succeed,” LaValle told Task & Purpose.
The pair started to think about a whole new academy during business trips to Gaza and Ukraine. LaValle was in Ukraine last week when he spoke to Task & Purpose.
Seeing operations in both spots, LaValle and Shannon said, made two things very apparent: the “incredibly” fast-paced evolution of technology in combat and the greater responsibilities of young people either driving the technological change or filling in military leadership positions.
“Something that DeVan and I have witnessed firsthand at the front lines in Ukraine and Israel is, much younger men and women are becoming generals. They’re becoming colonels,” LaValle said. “We have no education path or training path to create 30 to 40-year-old generals in America. A general in the cyber force or robotics force may end up being much younger than a general in the conventional forces today.”
They even pitched a home for the campus, which they call the “Frontier Academy”: just down the road from Silicon Valley, at the Presidio, a former Army post at the base of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
If that location sounds familiar and you’re a sci-fi fan, it might be because the Presidio was the home of Starfleet Academy in the 1990s Star Trek movies, a connection that caught the eye of Elon Musk. The Space X founder called the tech-focused military academy a “cool idea” in a post on X, adding that “Starfleet Academy has a nicer ring to it though.”
But sci-fi nostalgia aside, being next door to Silicon Valley would be a major advantage.
“For example, they can go into the Reserves. A student can graduate [into] the Space Force and maybe work one weekend a month or two weeks a year in their Space Force unit, but they might also be working at Space X or rocket labs,” LaValle said. “Either they’ll find a problem in their unit, and maybe they’ll see an opportunity or learn something in their private sector company, and they can bring them to each other and bridge that private-public sector gap.”
The U.S. Air Force Academy, Naval Academy and Military Academy have all updated their curricula in recent years to offer degrees in cyber, robotics and space but LaValle and Shannon argue that there’s no way for emerging officers to learn simultaneously from the public and private sector, where a lot of the innovation is coming from.
“We’re talking about a concentration of thought leadership of the nation, and that doesn’t exist in these individual courses or disciplines that are being created at the academies,” LaValle said.
There are three traditional military academies in the Department of Defense. Two others — the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and Merchant Marine Academy — produce officers for their services but do not fall under Pentagon control.
Lessons from Ukraine
Shannon recalled meeting a Ukrainian brigade of engineers sitting in a basement with 3D printers, chemicals, computers and soldering equipment, who were adjusting drones, payloads and weapon systems at scale. All of them had worked in the private sector before the war.
“It hit me very fast that this is a completely different way than every other army is doing it, and that if this was in our Army, or any other ‘professional army,’ there would be such resistance, because that’s ‘somebody else’s job,’” Shannon said. “We consistently found with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that the guys on the ground can identify a problem but then the bureaucracy and the system takes two or three years to get to it, and many of [our] colleagues, friends and subordinates died because of that lag.”
The other problem they want to solve is the “type of officer” that the academies can produce.
LaValle said there’s no current flexibility to become a part or full-time officer after graduating from the academies, something that they think is crucial for the U.S. to get ahead and learn from private companies doing space, cyber, robotics work.
“Whereas when we’re looking at space and cyber, that is a whole different leadership set and there’s no connection between the conventional world, where there’s tons of cyber activity going on — if they want to serve, there’s no way to connect it,” Shannon said. “Getting young people, where their minds are very wet at a point that they want to do something, and then connect them to the system and then put them into a Reserve status after graduation, or soon after graduation so there’s a constant interplay, will create a hybrid fusion that currently doesn’t exist.”
Revamping military innovation
The pitch for a fourth service academy comes amid broader discussions about how to revamp military education and innovation pipelines in a similar urgency that the federal government did during the Cold War. The idea is one drop in the bucket for the large-scale innovative shake up that the private sector, think tanks, and former American military leaders have advocated for in order to transform the multi-billion dollar bureaucracy that is the U.S. military for the fast-changing, technological wars of the future.
The most recent large-scale change occurred when President Donald Trump established an entirely new military branch in 2018, the U.S. Space Force. But change-makers want more: Congress has called for setting up a drone corps for instance, but Army leaders have said they prefer that the technology is dispersed throughout its formations. LaValle pointed out that the United States’ two major adversaries, Russia and China, as well as Ukraine and Poland already have drone-focused forces.
The issue at the heart of the Frontier Academy vision to capitalize on the minds of young innovators to help solve military problems is something that other programs, like Hacking 4 Defense, have tried to address. Hacking 4 Defense, H4D, is a class sponsored by the Defense Department and offered at 20 universities, like Stanford University, to work on military and intelligence community problems and come up with commercial solutions
“It’s not a bad idea. It’s half of an idea,” Steve Blank, one of the H4D founders said about the academy pitch. “Let’s say you build this, where do these people go and why will they not just be sucked up like the system already does? Unless you fix the talent assignment process and personnel management in the DoD, we will then create another cadre of misused people.”
Blank said he’s learned from his H4D course that “human beings in their 20s are looking for things that are mission-driven,” and that an unexpected number of students have gone on to work for defense contractors or even become military officers. However, he said, those who grow their technical 21st-century skills while working in the Department of Defense can find better opportunities in the private sector.
“The military incentive system is still ‘we’ll give you $25,000 to stick around for another tour’ when in fact they could be making a quarter million dollars or more a year,” Blank said. “What’s the point?”
Recruiting new cadets
To identify a pipeline of students who would be interested in the Frontier Academy, LaValle and Shannon brainstormed an idea of federal high schools, modeled off of the way Israel recruits high schoolers for unit 8200, its highly classified intelligence corps.
“Israel gathers the most brilliant youth in the nation between the ages of 17 and 21 and they consolidate them in one unit, and then they set them free to innovate and think. That is something that America doesn’t do,” LaValle said. “They [Israel] find these kids when they’re 12 and 13, and every student in the nation aspires to make it into unit 8200 and we have no channel for our youth in the same manner.”
There are of course fundamental differences between the U.S. and Israel — which has a population of 10 million, roughly 3% the size of the U.S., and has mandatory military service for its citizens once they turn 18.
Shannon said there’s a lot of interest among bright young people to attend top schools like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Caltech but that the U.S. military is missing out on absorbing the talent that chooses to go into these schools over the military.
“What’s extremely important about the Frontier Academy concept is it being an inspirational avenue to bring together some of the most brilliant people from the robotics competitions around the United States, the math elites and things like that, in a way that they’re not being addressed right now,” Shannon said.
Retired Col. Peter Newell, co-founder of H4D and former director of the Army’s Rapid Equipping Force, a now-defunct forward operating innovation cell, wrote an opinion piece last week about the American “struggle” to create a “unified system for cultivating entrepreneurial thinking.” Newell wrote that military and civilian education still “treat innovation and entrepreneurship as abstract concepts rather than mission-critical skills.”
Newell also advocates for working within existing systems, like expanding STEM education funding like the U.S. did during the Cold War; establishing national security innovation and entrepreneurial degrees at civilian universities and a masters degree at the National Defense University; introducing “hacking government challenges” driven by scholarships at high schools and junior colleges; and establishing a new GI-Bill-like fund for veterans and “rising technologists” to attend defense-focused entrepreneurship programs.
Newell also called for senior national security leaders to have mandatory “hands-on” experience for innovation and entrepreneurship training, similar to what LaValle and Shannon envision for the Frontier Academy requiring private-sector work for its students.
Current academies
LaValle originally shared the idea in a LinkedIn Post, asking for feedback on the pitch. LaValle, who is currently the founder of a venture capital firm, said he has no financial interest in the formation of the academy and that it would still be a military academy funded by the federal government.
“It would operate in exactly the same way as our other three academies,” LaValle said. “All of our ideas are for the public sector. It’s possible that there could be private funding that helps it, but this is in the same way that an endowment helps the military academy, an endowment might help the Naval Academy, but there’s no investor component.”
As graduates from the academies themselves, they expect resistance from the three institutions but said that the problem set for future warfare requires a new talent pipeline and way of training future officers.
“The Air Force Academy produces great pilots and people that support pilots. West Point creates great ground fighters and the Naval Academy creates people who understand the nautical domain,” Shannon said. “We don’t have that right now in the cyber and space domain and we definitely don’t understand how robotics and computer programming works all that together.”
The Air Force and Naval Academies officials declined to comment. West Point officials did not respond to inquiries.
But those academies have updated their curricula in recent years, offering new majors and courses which are “dependent completely on the needs of the service,” Naval Academy Superintendent Vice Adm. Yvette Davids told Task & Purpose in December. Naval Academy students can now major in robotics or data science, for example.
At West Point, cadets can take courses on computer science and data or get a major in AI.
At the Air Force Academy, students can take courses in cyber science, space warfighting, and robotics and autonomous systems to name a few.
The pair’s vision also comes from a growing criticism, which they agree with, that the U.S. education system is based on an “industrial model,” a way to produce skilled labor, versus creativity and entrepreneurship that the Frontier Academy could produce.
“There’s education over here, and you get a degree and you do a project, but you didn’t get the leader education. Whereas the academies, you get good, solid general education, but it’s focused on being leaders,” Shannon said. “In the space, cyber, robotics world of the technological future that we’re moving towards, we need those two things to come together.”
LaValle noted that it’s been more than 70 years since the U.S. started a brand-new academy.
“It’s a very rational pace for America for every half century or three-quarter century to create a new academy for the new styles of warfare that are coming,” LaValle said. “This has been our history. We’re not deviating from anything, and the need is crystal clear for a new way to educate our leaders.”
https://taskandpurpose.com/news/new-military-academy-for-space-cyber/
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